A bulldozer sinking in the muck soils of a calcareous fen during an ill-fated attempt to construct a haul road.
A natural wetland highly degraded by use as an urban storm-water pond. Note the dead and dying floodplain forest tree species.


The first year of a wetland restoration. This basin had been artificially drained and converted to row crop (primarily corn) production. The previous years' corn stubble is still visible. Restoration of hydrology resulted in an immediate response by the wetland seed-bank in this case. Water plantain, river bulrush and smartweeds are re-colonizing the wetland basin. (This site is in Wisconsin, but identical to restorations in Minnesota).
Common buckthorn, a Eurasian shrub that has spread throughout Minnesota becoming a serious threat to native plant communities.


Purple loosestrife, another exotic species.
Glossy buckthorn, a Eurasian shrub that has spread throughout Minnesota becoming a serious threat to native plant communities.


Reed canary grass. This is an invasive species that can displace native plant communities.
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